Excerpts from Lavender Rising; A Personal History of the Queer Struggle
Largactil
was introduced into the UK in about 1954. While
initially hailed
as the
new
wonder drug (Ban, 2009), it
doesn’t
appear
to actually
cure any psychiatric illness, and two of
its
really debilitating side effects (tardive dyskinesia and narcoleptic
malignant syndrome) can
be
left undiagnosed or
blamed on the mental disorder.
More
recently in
Edinburgh,
it caused a
frequently
injected, bisexual,
paranoid
schizophrenic
patient
‘Angus’ to suffer from severe sunstroke and
various other troubling side effects.
Sometimes,
the needle hit his
pelvic bone
when they forcibly
injected
or ‘jagged’ him.
The
horrific eugenics across the
USA initiated by the
despotic Charles Davenport
and Harry Laughlin at the U.S. Eugenics Records Office in Cold Harbor
Springs NY, its
destructive impact on
American
psychiatry and
on the
victims of the Holocaust
will be discussed
further in
Section 8.4.
All
of this is highly relevant to the brutal
suppression of queer folk
e.g. by the U.S.
Government towards their gay and lesbian employees during the
Lavender and
Red Scares
of the post WW2 era,
by
the persecution
and maltreatment
of gay men in post-WW2 Britain (e.g.
Dockray
and Sutton, 2017, King
et al, 2004),
by
asphyxiation in
the gas chambers of
Nazi Germany,
by
the murderous
gay
purge in Chechnya,
and
by
the
more recent
state-controlled
murder of trans people in Brazil..
Some
of the maltreatments
occurring
since 1950 and
mentioned
by
King
et al (2004)
in
their
prestigious article in the British Medical Journal are
absolutely mend-bending. There
was little evidence that any of these
‘treatments for
homosexuality’
were effective.
Quote:
Basically
the first year I was there (as a student), more or less all I ever
did was shove electricity down homosexual patients.
Further
Quote: We
had to become electrifying geniuses! The situation was you had the
screen, the person sat at the table with the things [equipment] on
and with a lever that they had to pull to avoid the shocks. The
pictures started off with pretty men, working their way through ugly
men into ugly women and into pretty women. That was the whole process
literally.
Further
Quote: They
were psychologically castrated if you like--heavy
word. But we didn’t have anything to put in its place.
UCL
Professor Michael
King and his co-authors
warn that ‘social and political assumptions sometimes lie at the
heart of what we regard as mental pathology and serve as a warning
for future practice.’
Nevertheless,
some
psychotherapists and psychiatrists in the UK still offer conversion
therapy for gay and trans people (UKCP,
2023).
This is of course both harmful and unprofessional. It
is also represents
an
attitude
expressed
by
some
psychiatrists
towards the public in general.
Whenever
they’re prosecuted for damages for medical negligence,
psychiatrists have been very much protected by the Bolam test.
In practice, they usually only have had to find one fellow
psychiatrist who’s prepared to say that he’d have given the
plaintiff the same treatment. This biases and tends to corrupt the
system, grants effective immunity to the ‘shrinks’, and damages
the livelihoods of many long-suffering mental health patients
(whether gay or straight). For more details of the Bolam test, see
Waldrons [1] and Math (2021).
Psychiatry
is a
branch of medicine that
is supposed to be concerned
with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illness, but
many are critical of
it.
Kinderman
(2019)
feels that we need a revolution to change it, and
some
of the
speakers on Intelligence
Squared (2014)
blamed
psychiatrists and the pharmaceutical industry for
the ongoing
epidemic
of mental disorders.
Peter
Kinderman believes that critics of traditional psychiatric thinking
have begun to question the creeping medicalisation of normal life,
and to criticise the poor reliability, validity, utility and humanity
of conventional psychiatric diagnosis. I agree, but what we are going
to change psychiatry into is a very serious and largely unresolved
question, Society
would appear to need top to bottom social change to reduce the
ongoing trauma but how exactly we should change society is as yet
unclear.
Per
Laterna (2023) report
articles in the
Guardian
concerning over 26000 rape and sexual assault incidents over 5 years
in UK mental health institutions. I
regard bad psychiatry as forever
serving to violently suppress people with mental health issues and to
violate
swathes
of queer people.
Drescher
(2010)
argues with
numerous activists
that,
as in the case of gayness during
the 1970s,
it is wrong to label expressions of gender variance as symptoms of a
mental disorder and that perpetuating DSM-IV’s
TR
GID diagnoses in DSM-V would further stigmatize and cause harm to
transgender individuals. Other advocates in the trans community
expressed concern that deleting GID would lead to denying medical and
surgical care for transgender adults.
Another
possibly is to de-medicalise gender recognition entirely, as
attempted in the Scottish Gender Recognition Bill
(see Sections
6.1
and
6.5).
In any case, more
queer psychiatrists need to assert themselves in their profession and
seek to clarify such issues. See University
of Toronto (2023).
I
regard myself as part
of
the psychiatric survivor movement (a
component of the Critical Psychiatry movement),
having
taken
a massive
overdose on
10 January
1981 following
what
I perceived
as extreme
homophobia
in the academic
workplace.
I
persisted
in adhering to
the straight path, while
riddled with anti-depressants, until
October 1983. The
Wisconsin health insurers turned turtle on me and made me pay for my,
albeit outstanding, psychotherapist who
put everything down to my furious anger at my dire academic
experiences.
We
long-term
survivors
are
increasingly
concerned
as to how many so-called mental illnesses can be beneficially treated
using a medical model, whether
they can be responsibly diagnosed,
and as to how
many
mental health issues are created by socio-economic, working
environments,
homophobia
and transphobia,
rather
than underlying ‘chemical
imbalances’ or medical
deficiencies.
Furthermore,
any of
the
enzyme-poisoning psychiatric medications
can cause debilitating physical side effects and
iatrogenic illnesses.
Tardive
dyskinesia is an example of a physically
debilitating
iatrogenic illness, as
evidenced by numerous posts to the ‘Healing from Tardive
Dyskinesia’ and ‘Tardive Dyskinesia Bully Free Support Group’
Facebook groups. I
have acquired
an enormous amount of further
anecdotal
evidence in
Edinburgh
and
from elsewhere, since
2011
and
have been alarmed by the huge
number
of, at
times multiple,
serious
side effects
among people taking psychiatric medications
(see
Section 6.10).
Sometimes I even wonder whether everybody taking a narcoleptic
medication with a standard daily dosage level is likely to suffer
from a serious physical side effect or iatrogenic illness sooner or
later.
Nevertheless,
many suicidal people are
kept alive by taking such
psychiatric medications, even
though
the medications
dampen their
psychiatric
symptoms rather than curing
the disorder. Some
paranoid schizophrenics find
potentially harmful
anti-psychotics
necessary, in the absence of better-researched
holistic treatments, in order to achieve a harmless and at all
rational existence.
A
group of self-promoting
‘reforming’ psychiatrists and
their supporters known
as Drop
the Disorder
sometimes try to dissuade
people experiencing manic mood swings from taking their medications
(Rob
Howard,
2023).
Leading
supporters
of
Drop
the Disorder
once
agreed
on
their
Facebook
page
that,
‘ADHD is BS’. Dr.
Lucy Johnstone
once
claimed
ignorance
about
neurodiversity
during
a meeting of
Drop
the Disorder
in Edinburgh. Their
‘hatchet man’ Gary S.
badgered
me by private messaging e.g. on my views on psychiatric medications,
and declined
to put
a history of ADD on-line,
and
they
have
reportedly
put unfair
pressures
on their Facebook members, including
a Quaker woman called
Kiera,
to ‘tow the party line’ on
other issues.
While
it
is self-evident, as
Drop
the Disorder so
rightly
emphasise,
that
social
stress
and trauma
are
at the root of many mental health problems, that does not negate
the existence of such diagnosable
disorders
as psychopathy, paranoid schizophrenia, and borderline personality
disorder.
Followers
of Thomas Szasz and
Bonnie
Burstow, the
Scientology movement, far
right
or
conspiracy theoretical anti-vaxxers
such
as R.F.K Jr., Peter Gøtzche,
and Peter Breggin
who
are also anti-psychiatry,
can be
much
more
harmful than
Drop
the Disorder.
This
is despite the highly cogent things Gøtzche
and
Breggin
sometimes say about
harmful psychiatry.
Such
right wing
elements
splinter
the Critical Psychiatry movement and
detract from
its credibility
as
a whole.
The
much-respected Facebook group Mad
in
America
(founded
by the cutting
edge writer
Robert Whitaker) does
its best to mend those
of these
schisms that
are worth mending.
But
beware also on-line apparent
‘Big
Pharma puppets’
who sometimes distort the conversation, while seeming to be
working
in the financial interests of the pharmacutical companies.
I
have previously challenged the ‘reforming psychiatrist’ Dr.
David
Healy of Cardiff
University as to whether he really is
a reformer
owing
to his
strong
advocacy
of
ECT (See
Shorter
and Healy, 2007, and
Admin, 2022).
However,
he has recently
produced
some seminal research regarding the
damaging
side effects of anti-depressants e.g.
Healy et al (2022). His
on-line
RxISK
program addresses
the side effects of
psychiatric
medications.
My
selective history of psychiatry in
Chapter 10,
will
focus, in part, on its
history in London and
Scotland,
but also on international
material collated during my twelve
or so years campaigning
(beginning around the end of
2011) against
problematic twenty-first
century psychiatry.
The
seminal work
on the underlying causes of
depressive disorders by
Professor Joanne Moncrieff at UCL has
relatively recently
epitomised the urgent
need for, albeit belated,
change
to,
or replacement of,
the entire discipline of
psychiatry. Professor
Moncrieff has changed public
attitude towards the
treatment of clinical depression, following
the news that it
isn’t
caused by a chemical imbalance.
See Moncrieff
(2022). She
believes that treatment by anti-depressants
should be continually adjusted, e.g. tapered or reduced, according to
any physical side effects thought to be caused by the medications.
For
various ineptitudes from a former President of the
highly protective
Royal College of
Psychiatrists, see Burn (2020).
In 2018, Wendy
Burn co-signed a highly
irresponsible letter to the Times,
asserting that, ‘In the
vast majority of patients, any unpleasant symptoms experienced on
discontinuing anti-depressants have resolved within two weeks of
stopping treatment’. Burn
is a consultant old age psychiatrist. In the pre-Covid period, she
seems to have been an
extremely ignorant one.
For
a discussion
of how to address
childhood trauma, see
Mackler
(2023). Daniel
Mackler is concerned by the frequency of extreme childhood trauma,
while seeing the
world
growing
more pathological, confused, polluted, overpopulated, and disturbed
by the day
Knapton
(2023) reports
that anti-depressants raise
the risk of suicide while also giving people the means to kill
themselves. Psychologists at the University of East London, lead by
the pioneering
reformist
Professor
John Read, analysed
media reports of nearly 8000 coroners’ inquests in England and
Wales between 2003 and 2020 in which antidepressants were mentioned.
They found that the drugs [presumably
including the infamous
imaprimine,
Prozac,
and Seroxat]
were
linked to 2718 cases of hanging and 2329 overdoses, of which 933
people had overdosed on the antidepressants themselves. A further
2083 had been struck by a train, tube, lorry or other vehicle, had
jumped or fallen to their death, drowned, shot themselves , or been
involved in a fire or electrocution. Experts said that the figures
were likely to be just the tip of the iceberg, because many suicides
and inquests are not fully reported in the media. (For
very
insightful discussions
of the social and biological roots of psychosis see Read
et al, eds, 2013)
Psychiatry
has frequently been used to damage
native populations. For example,
Dr. Selwyn Leeks
used
electric shocks without
anaesthetic from an ECT
machine to torture over 300 children between 1972 and 1977 in
the Lake Alice psychiatric hospital in New Zealand (Smale,
2022, Ellingham, 2022).
Most of the tortured
children had been sent to
Lake Alice from state-run
welfare homes and around half
were Maori boys.
The
children received electric shocks or
were demeaningly
injected with paralysing
drugs such as
paraldehyde
as punishments. Many
were sexually or
psychologically abused.
The Crown and the
psychiatric profession reportedly
protected Leeks, and he was never held to account for his heinous
sadism. He
lived for another 45 years while
his surviving victims
still
suffered from their horrific
childhood experiences.
Depixol/flupentixol
can paralyse patients from
the waist
down and put them on crutches. This happened to a young and
handsome, learning-disabled
bisexual
man
‘Timothy’
in Edinburgh in around the
year 2000 when he was
sectioned into the ‘Royal Ed’ for impersonating a
Holy
entity.
Timothy, who
was vulnerable to
exploitation by butch guys
but preferred the company of
his girlfriend, was
repeatedly
‘jagged’ with depixol
in his left buttock at
the behest of a
highly eminent and
notoriously
sarcastic, Quaker
psychiatrist. Timothy’s
legs turned rubbery and he was put on crutches.
The
sarcastic and possibly
sadistic psychiatrist later
put Timothy
into 14 days of solitary in
a cell with an iron-barred window for
grinning too much on the
ward. Timothy
said
that the course of depixol
continued for three years and had life-changing,
unexpected
effects on his feelings of sexual attraction. The
multiple injections left a sizeable
deep red blotch on his bottom.
Timothy hadn’t recovered
from the experience when I last met him
in 2019 even
though he’d been incessantly
‘jagged’
(chemically raped)
with narcoleptic medications,
ever since.
According
to the Glaswegian consultant
psychotherapist Dr. Graham
Vahey (various conversations
with myself
and others on
the Mental
Health Discussions Edinburgh Facebook
page) who
worked with the great reforming psychiatrist R.D. Laing,
electro-convulsive therapy
(ECT) has very harmful
effects while seldom
curing any psychiatric
disorder. It destroys brain
cells, can detach frontal
lobes from the remainder of the brain, and
causes cognitive problems
and short-term,
persistent, or permanent
memory loss. While it can
lead to quite temporary
feelings of euphoria, ECT can
cause deep, long-term depression and the need to be
‘meek’, to acquiesce and to
comply.
Shorter
and Healy (2007) would
disagree with this viewpoint
as they reek havoc around
the world. But
Professor John Read
Admin (2022), on
behalf of the Council for Evidence-Based Psychiatry (see
Admin, 2022)
refers to the lack of placebo-based studies for
ECT, all of which have been
seriously flawed, and states
to the effect that the psychiatric profession is unfairly and
obstructively defending
itself. Meanwhile,
the
Scottish Health Inspectorate approve of ECT
and persist in insisting
that it is beneficial to
numerous patients (John
Williamson, the ‘Scottish Gatekeeper’, personal communication).
Psychiatry
has been
used throughout decades of
history to damage
or destroy many
queer
people’s lives
e.g. by
damaging their brains with ECT or by
imposing
courses of aversion
therapy for ‘sexual
perversions’ (Davison,
2020, Vido and Byers, 2014),
or by the
NHS or private clinics giving
children or adults hefty
doses of unnecessary,
harmful medications after
diagnosing or misdiagnosing
them with ADHD (e.g.
Panorama Team, 2023).
Even
when a
psychiatric maltreatment
damages people regardless of
their gender
or
orientation, it injures a
disproportionately large number of queer folk, simply because queers
are much more
likely to have mental health issues.
Here
is a totally anonymous quote (15
May 2023),
from an
erstwhile inpatient, who is too frightened to give their name, but
has given me permission to publish:
Horrible
horrible place poor old ladies being electro shocked, injecting
people
in
their
sleep, violent prisoner tactics being rushed pinned down and injected
for just being upset and crying it's so inhumane these horrible
‘private’ yes out the way mistreatments
where
nobody can see what they do it's absolutely gross poor poor hurting
people
it
breaks my heart
For
Martin Harrow’s seminal
empirical
investigations that invalidate
the cruel
treatment of schizophrenia by anti-psychotics, and
the dismissive
attitude of the psychiatric profession towards Harrow’s
firmly
based conclusions,
see Whitaker (2023).
Robert
Whitaker’s exposure is truly ground-breaking, and highlights the
banality of much of the psychiatric
profession. The politically
expedient psychiatrists
are nevertheless passionately protected in Britain by the Royal
College of Psychiatrists, and,
in my perception, by the Royal College of General Practitioners.
The
‘optimal’ dynamic treatment regimes proposed by Shortreed
and Moodie (2012),
where patients are switched from one harmful anti-psychotic
to another,
give rise to a
large
collection of excruciatingly
debilitating
side effects that the patients could and often do suffer.
Patients
can
switch between olanzapine,
perphenazine,
quetiapine,
risperidone,
ziprasidone,
and
clozapine, though
it’s not at
all obvious
whether any of these choices would actually improve the patient’s
underlying psychiatric condition rather
than
suppressing some of the symptoms e.g.
shutting the patient up.
Professor
Shortreed
carries
out
her very frightening, futuristic,
research at
the Kaiser
Permanente Health Washington
Research Institute in Seattle, and
refers
to
Jeffrey
Lieberman
of
Columbia University’s
nefarious,
74%
attrition-rate CATIE
study
(see Self-Study
Exercise 2.14 and
Lieberman et al , 2005)
when determining her
‘optimal’ dynamic treatment regimes. I
don’t see how Shortreed can say ‘optimal’ when there isn’t
even a control group. Since
the 1493 patients with
schizophrenia in the
supposedly randomized
study were not chosen at random from a reference population, it’s
not at all obvious what on
earth Shortreed is playing
at. But
she’s
the way
to go if you want Artificial Intelligence to
take over, and if
you want highly theoretical,
assumption-dependent, weird
and
strangely behaving
(Bayesian
random effects)
statistical
models to help determine
your next choice
of enzyme-poisoning, narcoleptic
medication.
The
CATIE study has
brought everlasting
shame to Jeffrey Lieberman and Columbia University. The
study
sacrificed the good health of many
of the 1493
patients, hospitalised
a fair number and caused 74% of them to stop treatment within fifteen
months. There
could well have been of the order of 300 or 400 queer patients in the
trial. Extrapyramidal
side
effects were
experienced
together
with akathesia, movement disorders,
weight gain, increases
in glycosylated hemoglobin, cholestorol, tryglicerides,
prolactin levels, cataracts, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation.
What were these professionals
trying to do to their patients?
For
instances of more
direct psychiatric
assault in nursing homes see section 6.15.
Not
only psychiatric, but other medical patients get abused. According to
Chiu
(2021)
about 40% of people with MS are abused e.g. by their carers or
nurses. When
the abuse is physical,
it
includes
getting beaten, hit, or slapped. But
physical abuse
can be more subtle.
For example, a caregiver who is handling a person roughly or
aggressively while tending to their needs may be causing physical
abuse.
6.10
Psychiatric Discovery
in the Steamworks. The
Steamworks and
Pound customers over the years
have included a great many psychiatric nurses, psychiatric survivors,
and self-proclaimed
consultant psychiatrists.
Their testimonies e.g. in the jacuzzi and the restaurant provided me
with masses of information about
bad psychiatry that was
of relevance to our
mental health campaign.
‘Angus’ talked
with outpatients in the
Cambridge Street Centre and Stafford Centre, and we campaigned for
several years via our registered charity, the Edinburgh Equality
Collective Advocacy Forum (EECAF) which held insightful monthly
meetings in the MacDonald Road Library. Some
of the
psychiatrists also haunted the gay bars, and a couple of them
nick-named
Café Habana the
‘Waiting Room’.
Angus
and I were concerned at
the huge number
of people
regularly
taking a
narcoleptic
psychiatric medication at
a standard dosage level
who
reported
suffering
from a serious physical side effect or
iatrogenic illness sooner
or later.
Diabetes,
gout, skin cancer, lymphoedema, cellulitis, asthma, pulmonary
problems, slurpy
speech, stiff
fingers, sunstroke,
and impotence
were
just
twelve
of
the problems
which we
heard about, and some side effects occurred
simultaneously. Patients
were
frequently misinformed
or
uninformed as to the likelihood of being physically damaged by a side
effect and some
psychiatrists reportedly
either
simply
didn’t
care, or
got
agitated
and bewildered
by any visible evidence of the side effect.
Some
general
practitioners are
reluctant
to concede that any condition is a narcoleptic side effect. Some
apparently caring people believe that talking
about the wide spread serious physical effects
of psychiatric medications ‘is not acceptable conversation’.
I
also discovered that many of
the
consultant psychiatrists
in the sauna were
just as impervious to these problems as in the real world outside.
The pro-jaggers
and electric shock boffins
could
be just as formidable in the
altogether or when only
dressed with white towels around their waists, but
they turned
into shocked
antagonists when I
challenged them
about their traditional practices.
A
tiny, docile
‘shrink’
from Glasgow turned prickly when
I told him about my mental health campaign. But
the self-aggrandising,
pro-jagging, turkey-like
forensic psychiatrist, who I initially stupidly
mistook for a
redoubtable high
heid yin at
the Orchard Clinic, was extremely polite and gentle to his elderly
tricks.
10.9
Queer Talk. Hey, guys. William
Sargant’s
legacy (see section 9.6) and
his introduction of many brands
of neuroleptic medication
into Britain takes
us back to the present and
to the disturbing
revelations about bad
psychiatry in the
last section of my
introduction. The biological model is still winning in the UK, but
Professors
Peter Kinderman, Joanne Moncrieff, John Read and their similarly
enlightened colleagues may
yet
save us from it (Kinderman,
2019, Moncrieff
(2022), Read et al, eds, 2013).
Dynamic
psychotherapy and cognitive behavioural therapy help patients to
handle their conditions but do not typically cure ‘schizophrenia’,
manic mood swing or other serious mental health problems.
Little
or nothing is particularly geared towards queers. If patients advise
their consultant psychiatrists that they are queer, then this could,
in principle at least, modify or improve the diagnoses by those
psychiatrists who wish to probe their patients’ social backgrounds,
Unfortunately, psychiatrists have such an alarming track record that
many queer patients will baulk at the prospect of informing their
consultants that they have any queer inclinations at all,
Big
Pharma’ subtle anti-stigma advertising frequently has the effect of
encouraging people with mental health issues into thinking that they
are ‘safe’ enough to embed themselves into the NHS system. Big
Pharma’s propaganda programs encourage mental health patients into
taking more and more neuroleptic drugs. Many of the Scottish mental
health charities comply with Big Pharma since that’s where lots of
their funding is coming from. Many charities are part of the same
system, and some exploit outpatients for unpaid, and at times
demeaning, hard work, e.g. cleaning the daily muck off the Water of
Leith (two queer friends ‘Timothy’ and ‘Mish’, personal
communication). The Edinburgh mental health advocacy charity Advocard
hasn’t always had a great reputation for providing anything more
than token advocacy.
Many
people are struggling to make ends meet during the post-pandemic era,
particularly LGBT+ people without traditional families. This is
creating many more mental health problems for LGBT+people. The
psychiatric profession finds its resources to be over-increasingly
meagre and overstretched, with little to spare for special programs,
as it experiences increasing difficulty in coping with all of its
inanities and our insanities.
But
we are, as ever, in desperate need of queer-motivated mental health
professionals, LGBTQI+ friendly folk who are trained to address the
mental health issues of queer people and the many of us queer people
who are neurodiverse. See University of Toronto (2023) and
a book on queering psychotherapy compiled by Czyzselka,
ed (2022).
Many
traditional psychiatrists remain oblivious to the need to adjust and
improve diagnoses and treatments according to orientation or gender
diversity. We also need many more local support groups for queer and
neurodiverse people with mental health issues. But it is an uphill
battle, and for many in authority the cognitive problems of our
elderly can be of more direct concern.
Thomas
Ban (2009)Fifty
years chlorpromazine: a historical perspective Neuropsychiatric
Disease and Treatment3(4):
pp 495–500
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2655089/
Accessed
23 April 2023
Keith
Dockray and Alan Sutton (2017)
Politics, Society and Homosexuality in Post-War Britain
Brimscombe:Fonthill
Media.
Michael
King, Glen Smith and Annie Bartlett (2004) Treatments
of homosexuality in Britain since the 1950s-An Oral History
British
Medical Journal 328 (3437); 429 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC344258/
Accessed 27 June 2023
UKCP
(2023) Conversion Therapy (UK Council for Psychotherapy)
https://www.psychotherapy.org.uk/policy-and-research/public-policy/conversion-therapy/
Accessed 24 June 2023
Waldrons
[1] What is the Bolam test?
https://www.waldrons.co.uk/insights/what-is-the-bolam-test/
Suresh
Math (2021) What is the Bolam Test? (Youtube)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wctVD9mX1oA
Peter
Kinderman (2019) A Manifesto for Mental Health: Why we
need a revolution in mental care London: Palgrave
MacMillan
Intelligence
Squared (2014) Psychiatrists
and the pharma industry are to blame for the current ‘epidemic’
of mental disorders (Youtube)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlFbuqunb1I
Accessed
26 June 2023
Per
Laterna (2023)
Rape
and Sexual Assault in UK Mental Health (Real
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